Helen Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, Mary Anne P. Swain
Modeling and Role Modeling Theory: Helen Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, Mary Anne P. Swain
Background
Background
- This theory was developed by
Helen Erickson together with Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Anne P. Swain.
- Helen Erickson was born in
1936, and was the first president of the Society for the advancement of
Modeling and Role-Modeling (SAMRM). She currently holds the title of Professior
Emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin.
- The theory was first showcased
in their book Modeling and Role Modeling: A Theory and Paradigm for Nursing,
which was published in 1983.
- The theory takes inspiration
from some of today's influential theories, namely: Selye's General Adaptation
Syndrome Theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Piaget's Cognitive development
Theory and Erikson's Psychological Stages
Key
Concepts
- The theory is basically
centered on the idea that nurses are given the opportunity to nurture and give
personalized care for a patient with awareness and respect for an individual's
uniqueness.
- In this theory, the authors
believe that there are some commonalities and differences among people
Major
Concepts
A. Commonalities of People
- Holism: This belief is focused on the
idea that the a person is more than the sum of its parts which are the mind,
body, emotion, and spirit. There is a dynamic interaction with each part, which
enables it to function as a whole.
- Basic needs: This
commonality is based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which are centered on an
individual's needs. It is solely up to a person to decide if a particular need
is met or not. Growth occurs when a certain need is met. On the other
hand, when needs are left unmet this may be perceived as a threat, which may
lead to illness and/or distress.
- Affiliated Individuation:
Unlike the other commonalities, this is a concept unique to the Modeling and
Role Modeling Theory. It concentrates on the belief that all people have this
intuitive determination to be accepted and to be dependent on support
systems throughout life but has also has to maintain a sense of independence
and freedom. This is not to be confused with the concept of interdependence.
- Attachment and Loss:
Tackles the idea that people have this inborn drive to constantly attach
themselves to objects that have repeatedly met their needs. The loss of this
object affects the person in an inconsolable manner, which may be real,
perceived or threatened. An unsettled loss of these objects may create a lack
to cope with other daily stressors that may result in morbid grief and chronic
need deficits.
- Psychosocial Stages: Based on Erikson’s theory, this
has a similar tune with that of Maslow’s aforementioned concept. Centered on
the degree of need satisfaction, this theory relates that resolving stage
critical tasks may either lead to growth-promoting (i.e. trust) or
growth-impending (i.e. mistrust) attributes that lead to a forming a person’s
functionality and ability to respond to daily distresses.
- Cognitive Stages: Based on Piaget’s theory, this tackles the
idea that thinking abilities progress in a consecutive manner. It is important
to identify which developmental stage a person is currently on to help the
patient to work on it.
B. Differences
- Inherent
endowment: These are prenatal and
perinatal factors that affect a patient’s health status. They are genetic in
nature which means they are already predisposed from person to person.
- Model
of the world: This is the perception of a person’s
environment that may be based on one’s experiences, current knowledge and way
of life.
- Adaptation:
An individual’s method of
responding to the daily distress that surrounds him. It is health and
growth-directed.
- Adaptation
potential: Ability to cope with a particular
stressor by mobilizing internal and external resources. This is divided into
three categories: arousal, equilibrium and impoverishment. Arousal, reflects
anxiety and tension while equilibrium as the word implies, is a steady state of
balance and can be adaptive or maladaptive. Lastly, impoverishment is a state
that resources are not available or are diminished.
- Stress: Based on Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome,
this tackles the idea that as a general response to a deviation in the
homeostasis, a pattern of reaction from the endocrine, GI and lymphatic systems
may occur. Stimuli may be perceived as
threatening or challenging (Lazarus); stressful or distressful (Selye)
- Self-care: The way
a person manages response to stressful stimuli. Included in this are what a
person knows about himself, his behavior and resources that are available to
him.
- Self-Care
Knowledge: A person’s database or
knowledge about himself concerning what upholds or deteriorates his health,
growth and development, what has contributed to a present problem he is facing
and what is needed to be done to promote optimal health. This includes
mind-body data.
- Self-care
Resources: Resources that may be
internal or external; Aids the person in coping with stressful stimuli and is
developed overtime as one’s basic needs are met and when developmental goals
are achieved.
- Self-Care
Action: Includes behaviors that are set to
achieve health, growth, development and adaptation. Deployment of self-care
knowledge and resources to achieve optimum health
References
MRM: Selected Definitions
(Online) Available at http://www.mrmnursingtheory.org/definitions.html Accessed:
September 14, 2016
Modeling and Role Modeling
Theory (Online) Available at http://nursingplanet.com/theory/modeling_and_role-modeling_theory.html Accessed: September 14, 2016
Modeling and Role Modeling (Online)
Available at https://www.scribd.com/doc/133257682/modeling-and-role-modeling-theory-Helen-Erickson Accessed: September 14, 2016
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